What theory, developed by Franz Joseph Gall, in which personality traits were determined by "reading" bumps and fissures in the skull, was once considered a science?

Option D

Phrenology is a pseudoscience which involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits.It is b ased on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules.Although both of those ideas have a basis in reality, phrenology extrapolated beyond empirical knowledge in a way that departed from science.

Phrenology is a process that involves observing and/or feeling the skull to determine an individual's psychological attributes. Franz Joseph Gall believed that the brain was made up of 27 individual organs that determined personality, the first 19 of these 'organs' he believed to exist in other animal species. Phrenologists would run their fingertips and palms over the skulls of their patients to feel for enlargements or indentations. The phrenologist would often take measurements with a tape measure of the overall head size and more rarely employ a craniometer, a special version of a caliper. In general, instruments to measure sizes of cranium continued to be used after the mainstream phrenology had ended