What was believed to be a hemisphere above the ground, carrying the fixed stars and surrounding the seven spheres of the planets, through which the Sun and Moon moved in and out through a series of openings?

Option C

In biblical cosmology, the firmament is the vast solid dome created by God on the second day to divide the primal sea (called tehom) into upper and lower portions so that the dry land could appear:

Then God said, “Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.” Thus God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament; and it was so. And God called the firmament Heaven. So the evening and the morning were the second day.

Firmament is believed to be a hemisphere above the ground, carrying the fixed stars and surrounding the seven spheres of the planets, through the Sun and Moon moved in and out through a series of openings.